How do I write a first-class law essay?

Achieving a first-class mark (70%+) in a UK law essay requires more than simply describing the law. Examiners are looking for original analysis, critical engagement with academic debate, and a well-structured argument that demonstrates genuine understanding.

1. Understand the Question

Before writing a single word, identify the command word (discuss, critically analyse, evaluate, compare) and the scope of the question. A common mistake is answering a question the examiner did not ask. Underline key terms and consider what the examiner wants you to argue, not merely describe.

2. Build a Strong Thesis

Your introduction should contain a clear thesis statement — a one- or two-sentence summary of your argument. For example: "This essay argues that the doctrine of consideration in English contract law is no longer fit for purpose, as demonstrated by the inconsistencies between Williams v Roffey Bros and Foakes v Beer."

3. Use the IRAC Framework

Each substantive paragraph should follow the IRAC method: identify the Issue, state the Rule (citing the relevant statute or case), Apply the rule to the question, and reach a Conclusion. This structure ensures every paragraph advances your argument rather than simply narrating the law.

4. Engage Critically with Sources

First-class essays go beyond describing what the law is and explore what the law ought to be. Draw on academic commentary (journal articles, textbooks, Law Commission reports), dissenting judgments, and comparative perspectives from other jurisdictions. For instance, when discussing promissory estoppel, you might contrast the English position in Central London Property Trust v High Trees House [1947] with the broader Australian approach in Waltons Stores v Maher (1988).

5. Reference Properly with OSCOLA

UK law schools overwhelmingly use the Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA). Footnotes should follow OSCOLA format precisely — case names in italics, correct neutral citations, and pinpoint references where possible.

6. Write a Purposeful Conclusion

Your conclusion should not simply repeat your introduction. Instead, synthesise your analysis, acknowledge any limitations, and — where appropriate — suggest how the law might develop.